- Emeritus Professor, University of Cape Town
- Emeritus Professor, University of Toronto
- Professeur associé, School of Criminology, University of Montreal, 2014 – 2023
- Visiting Professorial Fellow, University of New South Wales, Faculty of Law and Justice, 2015 – 2025.
- Adjunct Professor, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, 2022 – 2024
- Associate, African Climate & Development Initiative (ACDI), University of Cape Town, 2021 –
- Director, Global Risk Governance programme, Public Law Department, Law Faculty, University of Cape Town, 2014 –
- Visiting Affiliate Scholar, School of Social & Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, 1 September 2021 to 28 February 2022
- Professor, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, 2014 – 2021
- Professeur associé, School of Criminology, University of Montreal, 2014 – 2022
- Visiting Professorial Fellow, University of New South Wales, Faculty of Law, 2015 – 2022
- Research Chair, African Climate & Development Initiative (ACDI), University of Cape Town, 2015 – 2020.
- South African Research Chair (SARChI) in Security and Justice, Department of Science and Technology (DST) and National Research Foundation (NRF), 2007-2014
- Director, Centre of Criminology, University of Cape Town, 2006 –2013
- Chair of Criminology, University of Cape Town, 2006 – 2013
- Professor at the Excellence 2 Level, University of Cape Town, 2009 – 2013
- Professor at the Excellence 1 level, University of Cape Town, 2006 – 2008
- Professor II, University of Bergen, Norway, 2010-2012
- Adjunct Professor, Griffith University (Socio-Legal Research Centre,) 2008 – 2014
- Fellow, STIAS (Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study), 2009
- Visiting Fellow, RegNet School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet), Australian National University, 2006 – 2018
- Visiting Professor, Institute of Criminology, Oxford University, October 2006-2009
- Board of Directors, International Centre of Comparative Criminology, University of Montreal, 2005 –
- Visiting Professor, London School of Economics, 2004
- Advisory Board, Socio-Legal Research Centre, Law School, Griffith University, 2003 – 2011
- Research Associate, International Centre for Comparative Criminology, University of Montreal, 2003 – 2013
- Associate Member, Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Queen’s University, Belfast, 2003 – 2004
- Visiting Professor, Department of Criminology, Keele University, 2003 – 2006
- Co-Director, Security 21: An International Centre for Security and Justice Regulatory Institutions Network, Australian National University, 2002 – 2006
- Professor at the Excellence level 2, Regulatory Institutions Network, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 2001 – 2008
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of Toronto, 2001 – 2006
- Senior Fellow, Munk Centre for International Studies at Trinity College, University of Toronto, 2001 – 2006
- Extraordinary Professor, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, 1998 – 2006
- Director, Community Peace Programme, School of Government, University of the Western Cape, 1997 – 2006
- Associate Fellow, Massey College, University of Toronto, 1996 – 2001
- Director, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, 1993 – 1998
- Academic Director, Community Peace Foundation, University of the Western Cape, 1995 – 1997
- Director, Community Peace Foundation, University of the Western Cape, 1993 – 1995
- Visiting Fellow, Department of Law, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 1992
- Visiting Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town, 1992 – 1993
- Visiting Research Professor, Community Law Centre, University of the Western Cape, 1991 – 1993
- Professor, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, 1989 – 2001
- Associate Member, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, University of Natal, 1990 – 1995
- Member, Board of Control, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, University of Natal, 1988 – 1990
- Associate, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 1985 – 1989
- Visiting Professor, Faculty of Law and Department of Sociology, University of Natal, 1985
- Associate Professor with Tenure, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, 1984 – 1989
- Cross Appointment, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, 1981-1989; Professor, 1989 – 2001
- Associate Professor, Woodsworth College, University of Toronto, 1984-1989; Professor, 1989 – 2001
- Instructor, Woodsworth College, University of Toronto, 1976 – 1984
- Senior Research Associate, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, 1975 – 1983
- Coordinator of Graduate Studies, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, 1978-1983; 1989 – 1992
- Academic Coordinator, Certificate Programme in Criminology, Woodsworth College, University of Toronto, 1981-1982; 1987 – 1991
- Academic Coordinator, Certificate Programme in Law Enforcement and Administration, Woodsworth College, University of Toronto, 1979-1991
- Research Associate, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, 1972 – 1975
- Research Fellow, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, 1967
- Research Assistant, Institute for Social Research, University of Natal, South Africa, 1966